Illustration: Yarek Waszul
On a drizzly November morning, Steven Gluckstern speeds through the half-empty subdivisions that spread out for miles as you head east from San Francisco into California’s Central Valley. Taking the exit in downtown Merced, a small city that’s hit hard times, he passes a grizzled panhandler holding a sign that says, “Will work to get out of Hell.” The 61-year-old venture capitalist taps the steering wheel of his Volkswagen SUV and hums along to “Like A Rolling Stone,” getting himself psyched up to make his pitch.
He parks and bounds into Merced’s modest city hall to speak to a small gathering of city council members, realtors, and housing activists. “If we sit around and wait for the solution to come from Washington, DC, or Sacramento, it will not come,” Gluckstern tells them between deep dives into stats on underwater mortgages, negative home equity, and loan default rates. “It will not come! It hasn’t come in five years.”
Merced, whose foreclosure rate is twice the national average, is just the latest stop as Gluckstern crisscrosses California to sell struggling cities on a radical, untested way to fix the mortgage crisis. His scheme is almost as complicated as the derivatives and collateralized debt obligations that caused this mess to begin with. However, its underlying mechanism is simple: Cities should use the power of eminent domain to seize troubled mortgages from the bondholders that own them.
Josh Harkinson
That’s where Gluckstern’s firm, Mortgage Resolution Partners, enters. It would arrange the funding for these eminent-domain purchases and then help a city like Merced reduce the loans’ principal and resell them to new investors, who’d cover the city’s costs and MRP’s brokerage fee. In this scenario, Gluckstern calculates that a family in Merced that bought a $200,000 house that’s now worth $100,000 (a common situation here) would see its monthly payments decrease from between $800 to $300.*
“Everybody is better off,” Gluckstern says as he clicks through slides detailing how preventing a single foreclosure could save the city nearly $20,000 in lost taxes and other expenses. “Grandma is better off because she stays in her house. The community is better off because you avoid all of those costs.” It’s also a good deal for the investors who own the mortgage, he continues: “But you know something? Even the owner of that mortgage is better off, because that’s otherwise going to be a foreclosure. And we know there are 8 chances out of 10 that they are going to be foreclosed!”
Even as housing prices slowly rebound across the country, the situation in California’s Central Valley is not unique. Four million Americans have lost their homes since 2005, and 3 million home loans are currently at or near foreclosure. Moreover, 12 million borrowers collectively owe $600 billion more than their homes are worth, a debt load that threatens to stall the shaky economic recovery.
Dozens of cities and counties have expressed interest in pursuing the eminent domain option with MRP, including Chicago, Berkeley, and New York’s Suffolk County, though nobody wants to be the first to try it. Last April, officials in California’s San Bernardino County appeared ready to work with MRP until the securities and banking industries bombarded them with threatening letters. Last month, the central California farming town of Salinas quietly solicited a bid from MRP, but has yet to pull the trigger.
and Willie Brown are among Gluckstern’s
influential Democratic allies. Thomas Hawk/Flickr
Politicians are understandably reluctant to resort to what is essentially the nuclear option for rescuing beleaguered homeowners. In August, the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA), which oversees Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, posted a notice expressing its “significant concerns about the use of eminent domain to revise existing financial contracts.” In September, the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association warned that any city that seizes a loan will face a crippling legal battle as well as a “chilling effect” as banks hike interest rates or pull up stakes entirely.
The hesitancy may also have something to do with Gluckstern and his partners, who, after all, have a lot in common with the bankers they’re supposed to be fighting. MRP’s CEO, Graham Williams, is the former director of residential lending for Bank of America, and Gluckstern’s investors include Donald Putnam, who once managed $15 billion in mutual funds. His allies include business-friendly Democrats such as former San Francisco mayors Willie Brown (an MRP investor) and California Lt. Gov. Gavin Newsom. MRP spokesman Peter Ragone previously served as Newsom’s spokesman. MRP’s team also includes a prominent real estate developer, the founder of Ask Jeeves, and a former legal affairs secretary for California Gov. Jerry Brown.
In response, Gluckstern’s foes in the finance industry are fighting him with rhetoric that sounds like something from an Occupy protest. Writing to San Bernardino officials in July, the Association of Mortgage Investors described MRP’s eminent domain scheme as “simply a wealth transfer from everyday Californians to a handful of wealthy, well-connected investment bankers.”
Gluckstern’s approach isn’t as in-your-face as it may sound. In early 2008, the Obama administration considered a bottom-up fix to the foreclosure crisis that had a lot in common with MRP’s proposal. The federal government had bailed out the banks but liberal economists were arguing that it also needed to bail out millions of homeowners struggling to stay afloat. Last year, the White House finally began warming up to that idea. But it has stood by as Edward DeMarco, FHFA’s acting director, has ignored the entreaties to forgive debt on government-owned loans.
The eminent domain plan was the brainchild of Robert Hockett, a Cornell law professor who specializes in the securitized mortgage market. Hockett originally wanted the government to use its power of eminent domain along with money from the Troubled Asset Relief Program to go after underwater mortgages owned by private investors—namely, the so-called private-label securities that own 10 percent of all mortgages but account for a third of all foreclosures. Hockett describes them as “suicide pacts” because they were devised without any way for their owners to modify the underlying loans. “After it became apparent that the feds weren’t going to do this,” Hockett says, “I thought, ‘Well, let’s try it some other way.'”
That other way became apparent last year when John Vlahoplus, a friend from Hockett’s days as a Rhodes scholar, told him about MRP’s business plan. Vlahoplus, MRP’s chief strategy officer, wanted to make sure that it could withstand a challenge in the Supreme Court. (The Fifth Amendment enshrines the government’s right to seize private property for public use, provided it pays just compensation.) Hockett believed it could.
“The broad category of property that we are taking about here is intangible property, and there has never been any question that intangible property can be taken,” Hockett explains. He cites examples of eminent domain being used to seize railroad stock and municipal revenue bonds. Of course, cities must demonstrate that taking private property accomplishes a public good, and the benefits of seizing underwater mortgages are somewhat speculative. But so was the public benefit of seizing homes in New London, Connecticut, to make way for a Pfizer research facility—a use of eminent domain that the Supreme Court approved in its controversial 2005 Kelo v. New London ruling.
Lawyers for SIFMA, the securities industry trade group, point out that MRP seeks to cherry-pick performing loans from mortgage-backed securities. That means cities would seize loans whose borrowers are still current on their payments without compensating the bondholders for essentially wrecking the value of their remaining securities, which would be loaded with nonperforming loans that are unlikely to ever be paid off. “The difference between the compensation contemplated by MRP,” they write, “and the compensation actually required by the Constitution and state law, is likely to be substantial.”
Gluckstern calls this posturing. Studies suggest that 80 percent of underwater mortgages owned by private-label securities will end up defaulting. “We’re taking the cherry bombs, not the cherries,” he says, “because these are the ones that are going to explode.” He argues that MRP isn’t seeking windfall profits; it will charge a flat fee of $4,500 per loan it helps acquire, the same fee that the federal government pays loan servicers to modify existing mortgages. The real profiteers, he says, are the speculators who bought mortgage-backed securities on the cheap with the expectation of huge payouts. “The idea that a local community is going to challenge Wall Street’s dominance of the financial system? That’s why they are in an uproar.”
My first meeting with Gluckstern is, at his suggestion, at San Francisco’s Four Barrel Coffee, where Mission hipsters roast beans beneath a wall of snarling taxidermied boars’ heads. Bulky, gregarious, and casually dressed, Gluckstern habitually wears his reading glasses on the tip of his nose and abuses the phrase “by the way”—a tic I chalked up to an investment banker’s struggle to explain himself to anyone outside the industry. As he remarks, “Someone said, ‘Can you give me the elevator pitch?’ I said, ‘Do you have a 900-story building?'”
Gluckstern’s love of big ideas came from his father, a former chancellor of the University of Maryland, and from his early career as a teacher and school district superintendent. He says he enjoyed academic work yet hated the pay. In 1982, after graduating from Stanford Business School, he jumped to an entry-level job at Lehman Brothers and tripled his earnings. He detected “a certain irony” in this. “I remember going up to my wife, and saying, ‘This world is a little out of kilter.'”
Two years later, while working for Warren Buffett’s Berkshire Hathaway Insurance Group, he pitched the Oracle of Omaha on a plan to offer clients rebates for minimizing their claims. Buffett took a pass, but Gluckstern found other investors who liked the concept. He launched a company in Bermuda, and sold it in 1993 to Zurich Insurance, the Swiss conglomerate that owns Farmers, for a stake worth at least $20 million.
With that nest egg, Gluckstern became a sort of dilettante, albeit a remarkably successful one. He put together a $4 billion private equity fund. He headed a medical device company. He and a partner bought and sold the Phoenix Coyotes and New York Islanders hockey teams. He chaired the Democracy Alliance, a group of 100 of the nation’s wealthiest liberal political donors. “By the way, I have as many failures as successes,” he confessed between sips of cappuccino. The Islanders lost him “an enormous amount of money.”
Gluckstern says that any profits he might reap through MRP are secondary to kicking his opponents’ asses. “One of my political mentors told me that the person who loses is the person who stops fighting,” he tells me—an aphorism that he later repeats while making his pitch. “We are not going to stop fighting. In a real war you get killed, but in this war, my partners and I believe this is the right thing for people and we will fight to the finish, whatever that means.”
At its core, this fight is a political battle. In fundraising letter obtained by Reuters last year, MRP described its political connections as its “secret formula.” At the time, MRP’s executive chairman was Phil Angelides, a former California state treasurer, land developer, and the former head of the federal Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission. Angelides resigned from MRP two weeks later amid concerns* that he was improperly trading on his political influence.
This wasn’t the first time Gluckstern had been accused of attempting to milk his connections. In 2005, when Gluckstern was leading the Democracy Alliance, New York Times Magazine correspondent Matt Bai reported that he’d hoped presidential candidate John Kerry would appoint him to lead the Department of Education. “The truth was that Steven Gluckstern had become just another in a large herd of classic Democratic access donors,” Bai wrote.
The Democracy Alliance and Gluckstern’s $270,000 in donations to Democrats over the past 17 years still open doors on Capitol Hill, though he denies that any of it matters. “I go to Washington and they say, ‘Well, what are you asking for?'” he says. “I say, ‘I want you to do nothing.’ Which is something that Washington’s become very good at.”
Not everyone in DC is sitting idly by as MRP makes its move. In September, Rep. John Campbell (R-Calif.), who received more than $200,000 from Wall Street donors during the most recent election cycle, introduced the Defending American Taxpayers from Abusive Government Takings Act. The bill would effectively bar communities that modify mortgages with eminent domain from qualifying for new home loans. “The eminent domain programs in question are atrocious, corruptive, irresponsible, and unconstitutional,” Campbell said upon introducing the bill. “We do need to fix the housing sector, but it must be done in a way that does not break the law and does not enrich undeserving, politically-connected entities in cities and counties with unsustainable budget deficits.”
The political climate is more to Gluckstern’s liking in California, where, not coincidentally, MRP has powerful friends like Brown and Newsom. In September, Newsom sent a letter to Attorney General Eric Holder urging him to investigate “threats leveled by the mortgage industry and some in the federal government” against localities considering partnerships with MRP.
“I know what threats are. I know what bullying looks like. And I didn’t like it coming from the folks that I helped bail out,” Newsom tells me at the Balboa Café, his white tablecloth restaurant in San Francisco’s Marina District. He goes on to convey his feelings towards Wall Street with an expletive, adding, “You can quote me on that.” Then he changes his mind and asks that I not. He ribs his press aide for not reining him in. “But I feel that way,” he adds. “I have a visceral reaction.”
Gluckstern is upbeat as we leave Merced, passing vacant strip malls and “Cash For Homes” billboards. He seems to have won over a former director of the California Board of Realtors, and an influential city council member liked his idea, though she confessed to not completely understanding it. Our talk turns to the local housing activists who have yet to endorse MRP’s plan. “Most of these organizations have never had to entertain the possibility of lining up with a for-profit entity,” Gluckstern laments. “That is just not what they do. Even people who care about the right things, their base of knowledge is just pathetic.”
MRP’s management team includes plenty of people with experience in business and politics, but nobody from the world of grassroots organizing or labor. While the American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees, the nation’s largest public-employee union, has sided with MRP, Gluckstern fears that cultivating partnerships with unions or nonprofits might expose him to new allegations of buying political influence.
So Gluckstern has been spending a lot of time in the sticks trying to win over converts and customers. He’s toured southern Nevada (the Silver State was as the nation’s foreclosure capitol for more than five years) and is planning a return visit to Salinas, whose city council is weighing a bid from MRP.
He has already found a town that’s willing to partner with MRP, though he won’t tell me the name. “They are ready to go and we are just holding them off for the moment because it’s so small that it might even be dismissed as irrelevant,” he says. Enacting his plan in a bigger town would allow his lawyers to argue during the all-but-inevitable Supreme Court case that reducing homeowners’ mortgage payments has macroeconomic benefits such as boosting consumer spending. “Now, a Salinas is just the right size. Just the right size,” he says. “Twenty five hundred [underwater] mortgages.”
“You get one community in California of medium size, everybody else is going to be watching,” he continues, relishing the implications as he gazes out the windshield. “It is going to be on the front page of the Wall Street Journal. It’s going to be on the front page of everything there is. And it says, ‘Oh, Salinas successfully condemns 200 mortgages and keeps these people in their homes.'” He turns to me with a puckish smile. “Wow! You don’t want to be Wall Street in that case.”
Correction: The original version of this article miscalculated the estimated decrease in monthly payments.
Correction: The original version of this article stated that former MRP Chairman Phil Angelides resigned from the company amid concerns about influence peddling raised by a Republican member of the House Oversight Committee. In reality, he resigned two weeks before Rep. Patrick McHenry (R-NC) first raised such concerns.
A version of this story appeared in the March/April 2013 issue of Mother Jones.
